The Komnenian reform; why did it fail

Prior to the 12th century, writers of the Eastern Roman Empire had described the west in terms delineating the region as being comprised of a series of distinctly different peoples, cultures and territories (Spaniards, Italians, etc.). By the time that Manuel began to reach the heights of Imperial power, eastern intellectuals had begun to describe Europe as a unified people, bringing the concept of “The West” to the East (Kahzdan). Continue reading “The Komnenian reform; why did it fail”

Climate change 4.2 ka BP most likely responsible for the termination of the Indus valley civilization, study finds

In this post we present selected parts of the very interesting paper titled “Climate change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus valley civilization and Holocene south Asian monsoon variability“, by M. Staubwasseret al. Continue reading “Climate change 4.2 ka BP most likely responsible for the termination of the Indus valley civilization, study finds”

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